Tetra-aza macrocycles, processes for their preparation and their use in magnetic resonance imaging

ABSTRACT

##STR1## Metal complex of tetra-aza macrocycles of formula (1) wherein Alk 1 , Alk 2 , Alk 3  and Alk 4 , which may be the same or different, is each a C 1-4  alkylene chain optionally substituted by one or more optionally substituted C 1-6  alkyl groups; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  which may be the same or different is each a hydrogen atom or a group AlkR 5  where Alk is an optionally substituted straight or branched C 1-6  alkyl group and R 5  is a hydrogen atom or a --CO 2  H,--CONR 6  R 7  [where R 6  and R 7 , which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or a C 1-6  alkyl group] or --P(X 1 )(X 2  R 8 )R 9  group where X 1  and X 2 , which may be the same or different is each an oxygen or sulphur atom, R 8  is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R 9  is an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, with the proviso that at least two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a group -AlkP(X 1 )(X 2  R 8 )R 9  or one or R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a group -AlkP(X 1 )(X 2  R 8 )R 9  and at least one of the remaining groups R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a group -AlkCO 2  H or -AlkCONR 6  R 7 , or a salt thereof, for use as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are described.

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/175,489 filed on Dec. 29, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/041,299 filed on Mar. 29, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/793,374, filed as PCT/GB91/00605, Apr. 18, 1991 published as WO91/16081, Oct. 31, 1991, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to tetra-aza macrocycles, to metal complexes thereof to processes for their preparation and to their use in magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is extensively used as a means of chemical analysis. In recent years it has also found increasing use as an imaging technique, in particular for use in examination of the human body, where it has many advantages over other imaging methods [see, for example, Andrew. E. R., Acc. Chem. Res. 16, 114-122 (1983)].

For effective NMR imaging it is usually desirable to employ a paramagnetic agent, more commonly known as a contrast agent, to enhance the sensitivity of the technique and to reduce imaging time. Numerous paramagnetic agents are available [see, for example Brasch R. C., Radiology 147, 781-788 (1983)].

A contrast agent that has recently received much attention is gadolinium, which has an unusually large magnetic moment, which efficiently relaxes magnetic nuclei. A major problem with gadolinium, however, is its toxicity to animals, and to attempt to reduce this, gadolinium has been complexed with a number of organic molecules, including diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) [see for example Weinmann, H. J. et al Am. J. Roentgenology 142, 619-624, (1984)], tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA) [Bousguet, J. C., et al Radiology 166, 693-698 (1968)] and other polyamines [see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,365]. Of these, Gd-DTPA is probably the best known paramagnetic contrast agent currently in clinical use, while it has recently been suggested that Gd-DOTA, with an in vitro stability five orders of magnitude greater than that of Gd-DTPA, could also be a clinically, useful contrast agent [Bousquet, J. C. et al (1988) ibid].

Despite the success of Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA, there are instances when they are of limited use [see for example Adzamil et al J. Med. Chem. 32, 139-144 (1989)] and there is still a general need for a contrast agent which has good enhancement of proton relaxation times, while remaining stable in vivo, and which has low toxicity at doses appropriate for contrast enhancement in a wide variety of applications. In particular, contrast agents are required which can also be used in the imaging of certain organs, such as the brain, and other tissues or lesions which are not particularly accessible to agents such as Gd-DTPA or Gd-DOTA. In such instances, large doses of Gd-DTPA or Gd-DOTA may be required to achieve satisfactory imaging, and toxicity can then begin to be a problem, with the result that the agent is no longer diagnostically useful.

There are a number of reported attempts to provide improved DOTA analogues for NMR imaging, in which a use of different ring structures and/or ring substituents has been employed [see for example European Patent Specifications Nos. 305320, 352218, 355097, 365412 and 391766, and International Patent Specifications Nos. W089/00557 and WO89/05802].

We have now found a new class of tetra-aza macrocycles containing at least one phosphinic acid side-chain, which are capable of forming highly stable complexes with elements such as gadolinium. Compounds of the class, when complexed to gadolinium, also enhance proton relaxation times and are thus of use in NMR diagnostic techniques. The compounds have excellent metal binding properties, and advantageous solubility characteristics, and are of use in a wide variety of NMR imaging applications.

Thus according to one aspect of the invention we provide a metal complex of a compound of formula (1) ##STR2## wherein Alk¹, Alk², Alk³ and Alk⁴, which may be the same or different, is each a C₁₋₄ alkylene chain optionally substituted by one or more optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl groups; and R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ which may be the same or different is each a hydrogen atom or a group AlkR⁵ where Alk is an additionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl group and R⁵ is a hydrogen atom or a --CO₂ H, --CONR⁶ R⁷ [where R⁶ and R⁷, which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group] or --P(X¹) (X² R⁸)R⁹ group where X¹ and X², which may be the same or different is each an oxygen or sulphur atom, R⁸ is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R⁹ is an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, with the proviso that at least two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -Alk P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ or one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -Alk P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ and at least one of the remaining groups R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -AlkCO₂ H or -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷, or a salt thereof, for use as a contrast agent for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

It will be appreciated that formula (1) [and, where appropriate, the following formulae herein], is intended to cover all stereoisomers of the compounds concerned, including mixtures thereof.

The term "nuclear magnetic resonance" is abbreviated hereinafter to NMR.

Alk¹, Alk², Alk³ and Alk⁴ in the compounds of formula (1) may each be a chain --CH₂ --, --(CH₂)₂ --, --(CH₂)₃ -- or --(CH₂)₄ --, optionally substituted by one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl, [e.g. methyl or ethyl] groups, optionally substituted by one or more groups, such as by one or more hydroxy groups. Examples of substituted Alk¹, Alk², Alk³ and Alk⁴ chains include --CH₂ --CH(CH₃)--, --CH₂ --C(CH₃)₂ -- or --CH₂ --CH(CH₂ OH)--.

In the compounds for use according to the invention, alkyl groups represented by R⁶, R⁷ or R⁸ may be straight or branched chain groups and may be for example C₁₋₆ alkyl groups such methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl groups.

The group CONR⁶ R⁷ when present in compounds of formula (1) may be for example --CONH₂, --CONHCH₃, --CON(CH₃)₂, --CONHCH₂ CH₃ or --CON(CH₂ CH₃)₂.

Alk in compounds of formula (1) may be for example a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group. Such groups may be substituted, for example, by one or more atoms or groups as described herein below. Particular substituents include for example one or more halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine or chlorine atoms, or hydroxy or phenyl groups.

Thus, particular examples of the group AlkR⁵ include --CH₂ CO₂ H, --CH₂ CONH₂, --CH₂ CONHCH₃, --CH₂ CON(CH₃)₂, --CH₂ CH(OH)CH₃, --CH₂ CH₂ CH₃, --CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ -phenyl and --CH₂ P(X¹ )(X² R⁸)R⁹, especially --CH₂ P(O)(X² H)R⁹.

When the group R⁹ in compounds of formula (1) is an aliphatic group it may be for example an optionally substituted straight or branched chain alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy or alkylthio group, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, or a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group. When R⁹ is an aromatic group it may be for example an aryl or aralkyl group. Heteroaromatic groups represented by R⁹ include heteroaryl and heteroaralkyl groups.

Thus, for example, R⁹ may be an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g. C₁₋₆ alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl) C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl (e.g. C₂₋₆ alkenyl such as ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, or 2-methylpropene), C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl (e.g. C₂₋₆ alkynyl such as ethyne, propyne, 1-butyne, or 2-butyne) C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy (e.g. C₁₋₆ alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-proproxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, or t-butoxy) or C₁₋₁₀ alkylthio (e.g. C₁₋₆ alkylthio such as methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, i-propylthio, n-butylthio, s-butylthio, or t-butylthio) group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from --O--, --S-- or --NR¹⁰ (where R¹⁰ is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group), for example an alkoxyalkyl (e.g, methoxymethyl), alkylthioalkyl (e.g. methylthiomethyl) or alkoxyalkoxy or alkylthioalkoxy (e.g. methoxymethoxy or methylthiomethoxy) group; or a C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl (e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl) or C₄₋₈ cycloalkenyl (e.g. cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene) group.

When R⁹ is an aryl group it may be for example an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₂ aryl group such as an optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl group.

When R⁹ is an aralkyl group it may be for example an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₂ arC₁₋₆ alkyl group for example a phenC₁₋₆ alkyl group such as benzyl or phenethyl.

When R⁹ is a heteroaryl group it may be for example an optionally substituted C₄₋₁₀ heteroaryl group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from --O--, --NH-- or --S-- for example a pyridyl, furanyl or thienyl group.

When R⁹ is a heteroaralkyl group it may be for example an optionally substituted C₄₋₁₀ heteroarC₁₋₆ alkyl group containing one or more heteroatoms selected from --O--, --NH--, or --S-- for example a thienyl C₁₋₆ alkyl (e.g. thienylmethyl) or pyridylC₁₋₆ alkyl (e.g. pyridylmethyl) group.

Optional substituents which may be present on alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl groups in compounds of formula (1) [for example in Alk and R⁹, where present] include halogen atoms e.g. chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine atoms, or one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl [e.g. methyl, ethyl] trihalomethyl [e.g. trifluoromethyl], C₁₋₆ alkoxy [e.g. methoxy or ethoxy], C₁₋₆ alkylthio, [e.g. methylthio], hydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, [e.g. hydroxymethyl or hydroxypropyl] polyhydroxyC₁₋₆ alkyl, amino [--NH₂ ], substituted amino, [e.g. NR¹¹ R¹² where R¹¹ is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group and R¹² is a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, such as methylamino or dimethylamino], nitro, cyano, carboxyl, --CONR⁶ R⁷ [e.g. --CONH₂ ], --SO₂ NR⁶ R⁷ [e.g. SO₂ NH₂ ] aryl, [e.g. phenyl], or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl [e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl] groups.

Metal complexes of compounds of formula (1) include complexes wherein the metal is a transition metal with an atomic number 21 to 29, 42, 43, 44 or 75, or a lanthanide with an atomic number 57 to 70 or a Group III element with atomic number 5, 13, 31, 49 and 81 and is generally di- or tripositive and has a coordination number 6 or greater, especially 8. Examples of such metals include manganese, iron, terbium, europium, dysprosium, scandium, gadolinium, gallium and indium.

Salts of compounds of formula (1) or the metal complexes thereof include salts with inorganic or organic bases, for example alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium salts; amine salts, such as those from primary, secondary or tertiary amines, for example ethanolamine, diethanolamine, morpholine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine or N,N-dimethylglucamine salts; and amino acid salts such as lysine, arginine and ornithine salts.

Particularly useful compounds of formula (1) are those wherein Alk¹, Alk², Alk³ and Alk⁴ is each a --(CH₂)₂ -- chain.

Another useful group of compounds of formula (1) is that wherein R¹. R², R³ and R⁴ is each a group -AlkP(X¹ )(X² R⁸)R⁹, particularly a group -AlkP(O)(X₂ H)R⁹, especially -AlkP(O)(OH)R⁹. Particularly useful compounds of this type are those wherein each of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a CH₂ P(O)(OH)R⁹ group. Another important group of compounds of this type is that wherein R⁹ is an alkyl group, particularly a methyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group.

In another preference, each of the groups R¹, R², and R³ may be for example a group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ and R⁴ may be a hydrogen atom or a group -Alk, -AlkCO₂ H or -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷. Thus for example each of the groups R¹, R² and R³ may be a group --CH₂ P(O)(OR⁸)R⁹ especially --CH₂ P(O)(OH)R⁹, e.g. where R⁹ is an alkyl group such as methyl ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl or t-butyl group or an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group and R⁴ may be a hydrogen atom or a group --CH₂ CH(OH)CH₃, --CH₂ CO₂ H or --CH₂ CONR⁶ R⁷, especially --CH₂ CONH₂, --CH₂ CONHCH₃ or --CH₂ CON(CH₃)₂.

In still another preference, each of the groups R¹, R² and R³ may be a group -AlkP(S)(OR⁸)R⁹, e.g. -AlkP(S)(OH)R⁹ such as--CH₂ P(S)(OH)R⁹ where R⁹ is an alkyl group such as a methyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group and R⁴ may be a hydrogen atom or a group Alk, e.g. --CH₂ CH(OH)CH₃, AlkCO₂ H, e.g. --CH₂ CO₂ H or AlkCONR⁶ R⁷, e.g. --CH₂ CONR⁶ R⁷ such as --CH₂ CONH₂, --CH₂ CONHCH₃ or --CH₂ CON(CH₃)₂.

One group of compounds for use according to the invention are the metal complexes of compounds of formula (1) wherein Alk¹, Alk², Alk³, Alk⁴, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are as defined for formula (1) with the further proviso that the group R⁹ in at least one of the groups -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ is as defined for formula (1) but is other than an unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group.

A further useful group of compounds for use according to the invention are the gadolinium complexes of the compounds of formula (1) and the salts thereof.

The following formulae (1a)-(1c) define various preferred groups of compounds for use according to the invention. It will be appreciated that the detailed definitions given above for each of the groups R¹ -R⁵ and Alk in respect of formula (1) also apply to these formulae.

A particularly useful group of compounds for use according to the invention are the metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1a): ##STR3## wherein R¹, R², and R³ which may be the same or different is each a group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ and R⁴ is a hydrogen atom or a group -Alk, -AlkCO₂ H, -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷ or -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹, where Alk, X¹, X², R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are as previously defined; and the salts thereof.

In the compounds of formula (1a), the group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ when present is preferably a group -AlkP(O)(OH)R⁹, especially --CH₂ P(O)(OH)R⁹, particularly where R⁹ is an aliphatic or aryl group, such as an optionally substituted alkyl or phenyl group.

A useful group of compounds of formula (1a) has the formula (1b): ##STR4## wherein Alk is as defined for formula (1) and each R⁵ group is a --P(O)(X² R⁸)R⁹ group, where X², R⁸ and R⁹ are as previously defined; and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

Particularly useful compounds of formula (1b) are those wherein Alk is --CH₂ --. Compounds of formula (1b) wherein R⁵ is a group --P(O)(X² H)R⁹, especially a group --P(O)(OH)R⁹ where R⁹ is an aliphatic or aryl group, particularly an optionally substituted alkyl or phenyl group, such as a group --P(O)(OH)CH₃, or --P(O)(OH)Ph [where Ph is phenyl or substituted phenyl] and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof are particularly useful. Compounds of this type where Alk is --CH₂ -- are also important.

Gadolinium complexes of the compounds of formula (1b) are especially useful.

Particularly useful compounds for use according to the invention are the metal complexes of the compound of formula (1c): ##STR5## and the salts thereof.

The gadolinium complex of the compounds of formula (1c) and the salts thereof is a particularly useful compound.

The metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1) may be used employing conventional NMR procedures and apparatus [see for example H. J. Weinmann et al Am. J. Roentgenology ibid and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,374,360, 4,398,148, 4,409,550, 4,425,547, 4,442,404 and 4,450,408].

Compounds of formula (1) may be employed for the preparation of contrast agents for use in NMR imaging, for example by complexation with an appropriate metal, as described herein. Thus according to another aspect of the invention we provide a compound of formula (1) or a salt thereof for use in the preparation of a contrast agent for NMR imaging.

The metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1) and the salts thereof may generally initially be formulated for use for administration to an animal, e.g. human subject using standard procedures. Thus according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a metal complex of a compound of formula (1) or a salt together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for use as a contrast agent for NMR imaging.

Suitable formulations include those adapted for oral or parenteral administration, e.g. by injection or infusion and may take the form of liquid preparations of metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1) and the salts thereof, such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions or syrups in oily or aqueous vehicles which may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively the metal complex may be in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogan-free water, or isotonic saline before use.

In yet another aspect of the invention, we provide the use of a metal complex of a compound of formula (1) or a salt thereof for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for use in NMR imaging.

Standard procedures may be used for the preparation of compositions according to the invention, depending on the formulation chosen.

The metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1) and the salts thereof may be administered at any suitable dosage, depending on the nature of the target to be imaged. Thus according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a method of enhancing NMR contrast in an animal subject which includes administering to said subject an effective amount of a metal complex of a compound of formula (1) or a salt thereof.

In general, the complexes according to the invention may be administered in amounts of 0.001 to 5 mMol/Kg.

Certain compounds of formula (1) are new and form a further aspect of the invention. Thus, according to another aspect of the invention we provide a compound of formula (2) ##STR6## wherein Alk¹, Alk², Alk³ and Alk⁴, which may be the same or different, is each a C₁₋₄ alkylene chain optionally substituted by one or more optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl groups; and R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ which may be the same or different is each a hydrogen atom or a group AlkR⁵ where Alk is an optionally substituted straight or branched C₁₋₆ alkyl group and R⁵ is a hydrogen atom or a --CO₂ H, --CONR⁶ R⁷ [where R⁶ and R⁷, which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group] or --P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ group where X¹ and X², which may be the same or different is each an oxygen or sulphur atom, R⁸ is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R⁹ is an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group, with the proviso that at least two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -Alk P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ or one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -Alk P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ and at least one of the remaining groups R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group -AlkCO₂ H or -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷, and R⁹ in at least one of the groups -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ is an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group but is not an unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy group when R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are the same and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

A particular useful group of compounds of formula (2) has the formula (2a) ##STR7## wherein R¹, R², and R³ which may be the same or different is each a group AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ and R⁴ is a hydrogen atom or a group -Alk, -AlkCO₂ H, -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷ [where Alk, X¹, X², R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined previously ] or R⁴ is a group -AlkP(X¹ )(X² R⁸)R⁹ [where Alk, X¹, X², R⁸, and R⁹ are as previously defined with the proviso that R⁹ is not an unsubstituted alkyl group] and the salts thereof.

A useful group of compounds of formula (2a) is that wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is each a group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ wherein R⁹ is an aryl group. Particular compounds of this type include --CH₂ P(O)(OH)R⁹, where R⁹ is an aryl group. Aryl groups represented by R⁹ include C₆₋₁₂ aryl groups such as optionally substituted phenyl or napthyl groups. Optional substituents may be those described previously and may in particular be one or more halogen atoms, e.g. chlorine, bromine fluorine or iodine atoms, C₁₋₆ alkyl groups such as methyl groups, trihalomethyl groups, such as trifluoromethyl groups or carboxyl groups.

A further useful group of compounds of formula (2a) is that wherein R¹, R² and R³ is each a group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ [where Alk; X¹, X²,R⁸ and R⁹ are as defined in the preceding paragraph] and R⁴ is a hydrogen atom or a group -Alk, -AlkCO₂ H, or -AlkCONR⁶ R⁷. In particular, R⁴ may be a group --CH₂ CH(OH)CH₃, --CH₂ CO₂ H, --CH₂ CONH₂, --CH₂ CONHCH₃, or --CH₂ CON(CH₃)₂.

The compounds of formula (2) have excellent metal binding properties and in particular form stable complexes with metals such as gadolinium. The compounds also have good solubility characteristics and when complexed with a metal such as gadolinium are of particular use as contrast agents in NMR imaging. The suitability of such complexes for use as contrast agents may initially determined in test animals, using standard procedures, for example as described hereinafter in relation to FIG. 1.

It will be appreciated that the various preferences expressed above in relation to the compounds of formula (1) for use as contrast agents also apply to the compounds of formula (2) as just defined.

Compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by the following processes. Unless otherwise defined, the various groups Alk and Alk¹ -Alk⁴, X¹, X², and R¹ -R⁹ as they appear in the description below are to be understood to have the meanings described above. The following processes clearly also apply to the preparation of compounds of formula (2).

Metal complexes for use according to the invention may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) or a salt thereof with a metal salt (e.g. a nitrate, halide, such as a chloride, acetate, carbonate or sulphate) or a metal oxide.

The reaction may be performed in an appropriate solvent, for example an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent (e.g. acetonitrile, acetone, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulphoxide) at any suitable temperature from 0° C. to 1000° C. such as 10° C. to 85° C.

Salts of compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1) with a base in an appropriate solvent, for example an aqueous or non-aqueous solvent as described above, at any suitable temperature from 0° C. to 100° C.

Compounds of formula (1) in which one or more R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is each a group AlkP(X¹)(X² H)R⁹ may be prepared by interconversion of a corresponding compound of formula (1) in which one or more of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is each a group AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ [where R⁸ is an alkyl group] by treatment with an acid, for example an inorganic add such as hydrochloric acid at an elevated temperature, for example the reflux temperature, or by treatment with a base, for example an inorganic base such as potassium hydroxide.

Compounds of formula (1) in which R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is each a group -AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ [where R⁸ is an alkyl group] may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (2). ##STR8## with a phosphine R⁹ P(X¹ Alk⁵)(X² R⁸) where R⁸ is as just defined and Alk⁵ is an alkyl group, for example a methyl or ethyl group] in the presence of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde or an aldehyde RCHO (where R is a C₁₋₅ alkyl group).

The reaction may be performed in a solvent, for example an organic solvent such as an ether, e.g. a cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran at an elevated temperature e.g. the reflux temperature.

Where it is desired to prepare a compound of formula (1) where at least one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is not a group AlkP(X¹)(X² R⁶)R⁷, this may be achieved by initially selectively N-protecting a compound of formula (3) or a precursor thereof using an appropriate amine protecting group(s) for example a p-toluenesulphonyl group in accordance with conventional practice [see for example International Patent Specification No. WO89/01476]. The resulting N-protected compound of formula (3) may then be reacted with a reagent R⁵ AlkD (where R⁵ is other than a --P(X¹)(X² R⁸)R⁹ group and D is a displaceable group such as a halogen, e.g. chlorine, atom or a sulphonyloxy group, e.g. a methanesulphonyloxy group) in a solvent such as water or an organic solvent such as an amide e.g. dimethylformamide in the presence of a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as an alkali metal carbonate, e.g. potassium or caesium carbonate, at an elevated temperature [in this reaction, any --CO₂ H group present in R⁵ AlkD may need to be protected, for example as an ester, e.g. a methyl ester, the acid may be regenerate after the desired reaction is complete, for example by hydrolysis using an acid such as sulphuric acid]. After reaction with R⁵ AlkD, the resulting derivatised compound of formula (3) may be deprotected using conventional procedures, and then further reacted with a phosphine R⁹ P(X¹ Alk⁵)(X² R⁸) as described above to yield the desired compound of formula (1).

In a further variation, a compound of formula (3) may be reacted with a phosphine R⁹ P(X¹ Alk⁵)(X² R⁸) as previously described, and the desired di- or tri-substituted product isolated, e.g. by chromatography [using e.g. alumina in a solvent such as dichloromethane]. The di- or tri-substituted product may then be reacted with a reagent R⁵ AlkD as described above to yield the desired product of formula (1).

When a compound of formula (1) is desired where one or two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a hydrogen atom, this may be obtained using a N-protected intermediate of formula (3) as described above, and reacting this with a phosphine R⁹ P(X¹ Alk⁵)(X² R⁸), followed by deprotection to yield the appropriate --N--H compound.

Intermediates of formula (3) are either known compounds or may be prepared by methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 illustrates the results of an imaging study performed with the complex of Example 2 in rats inoculated in the thigh region with sarcoma cells.

In the figure, A is an image of the sarcoma (arrowed) before the administration of the complex; B is an image after administration and C is a subtraction image obtained from A and B clearly showing the sarcoma.

The images were obtained at 65 MHz (1.5 Tesla) using a dose of complex of 0.1 mM/Kg.

Acute Toxicity

The complexes for use in the invention are substantially non-toxic at imaging doses. Thus for example the complex of Example 2 caused no deaths when intravenously administered to mice at single doses up to 12 mM/Kg body weight.

The following Examples illustrate the preparation of compounds for use according to the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of the compound of formula 1(c) and the corresponding tetra ethyl ester.

(a) To a solution of 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane (0.5 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) was added diethoxymethylphosphine (2.37 g) and paraformaldehyde (1.13 g) and the mixture was heated to reflux with azeotropic removal of water (Soxhlet, 3A sieves). After 18 h solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by chromatography on alumina (0 2% CH₃ OH in CH₂ Cl₂) to yield a pale yellow oil (948 mg) Rf 0.5 (5% MeOH/CH₂ Cl:Al₂ O₃). δp (CDCl₃) 51.6, 51.8, 51.9, (diastereoisomers) δc (CDCl₃) 13.44 (d, J_(CP) 91 Hz, PCH₃), 16:42 (CH₃), 54.18 (CH₂ N ring), 54.30 (d, J_(CP) 110 Hz, CH₂ P), 59.82 (CH₂ O). δ_(H) (CDCl₃), 1.31 (12H, t, CH₃ CH₂),1.57 (12H, d, J=13.7 Hz, CH₃ P), 2.64-3.07 (24H, mult., CH₂ N), 4.07 (8H, dq, CH₂ O). m/e (d.c.i.) 652(M⁺), 533 (M⁺ PC₃ H₈ O₂).

(b) The tetraester prepared in Part (a) (115 mg) in hydrochloric acid (6M, 20 ml) was heated to reflux (100° C.) for 36 h. After removal of solvent and drying under vacuum (40° C., 0.01 mmHg) the compound of formula 1(b) was obtained as a glassy foam. δ(D₂ O) 41.03. δc(D₂ O) 14.86 (d, J_(CP) 94 Hz, CH₃ P), 50.70 (CH₂ N), 51.64 (d, J_(CP) 118.3 Hz, CH₂) δH(D₂ O) 1.41 (12H, d, J=14.1 Hz, CH₃ P), 3.37 (24H, Br, CH₂ N) m/e (negative FAB, glycerol) 540⁺ (M⁺), 539 (M⁺ -1), 538 (M+-2).

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of the Gadolinlum Complex of the Compound of Formula (1c)

To a solution of the tetraphosphinic acid prepared in Example 1(b) (400 mg) in MilliQ water (10 ml) was added gadolinium oxide (133 mg) and the suspension was heated at 70° C. for 2 h. After removal of solvent the gadolinium complex of the compound of formula 1(b) was obtained as a colourless glass m/e (negative FAB, glycerol) 696, 694, 693, 692, 691.

EXAMPLE 3 ##STR9## Synthesis of (A)

1,4,7,10-Tetra-azacyclododecane (1 g, 5.8 mmol) was stirred in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 cm³) under an argon atmosphere. To this was added paraformaldehyde (0.6 g) and methyldiethoxyphosphine (2.6 g). The mixture was heated under reflux over molecular sieves for about 18 hrs to give a cloudy solution. The solution was filtered and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography using alumina with a gradient from dichloromethane to 4% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent (R_(f) product=0.28 5% methanoldichloromethane), ¹ HNMR (δCDCl₃); 9H (t, O--CH₂ --CH₃) 1.4 ppm, 9H (d, P--CH₃) 1.53 ppm, 22H (broad, m, CH₂ --CH₂ and N--CH₂) centered at 2.8 ppm, 6H (m, O--CH₂) centered at 4.1 ppm, m/z 533 (100, M⁺ +1), 425 (89, M⁺ --P(O)(OC₂ H₅)(CH₃)).

Synthesis of (B)

Methyl amine hydrochloride (13.5 g) was added to a stirring solution of 1,2-dichloroethane (150 cm³) and sodium hydroxide (16 g in 25 cm³ of water). The mixture was cooled to -10° C. using an ice/salt/ethanol bath. Bromoacetyl bromide (31.5 g) in 1,2-dichloromethane (25 cm³) was added to the solution with a rate to keep the temperature of the solution below -10° C. After the addition, the mixture was warmed to room temperature, the organic layer was separated, dried with magnesium sulphate and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum to give a pale brown solid. The product was isolated as white crystals by sublimation (25° C., 0.05 mmHg). ¹ HNMR (δ, CDCl₃); 3H (d, H--N--CH₃) 2.87 ppm, 2H (s, Br--CH₂) 3.9 ppm, 1H (broad, s, H--N)6.6 ppm.

Synthesis of (C)

The compound (A) (0.1 g) and potassium carbonate (0.03 g, 1.8×10⁻⁴ mol) were stirred in anhydrous dimethyl formamide (5 cm³) under an argon atmosphere. To this was added compound B (0.03 g, 1.8×10⁻⁴ mol) and the mixture was heated at 80° C. for about 16 hrs to give a cloudy solution. The solvent was evaporated and the residual mass was redissolved in dichloromethane was filtered to give a clear solution. The solvent was evaporated and the crude product was purified by column chromatography using alumina with a gradient from dichloromethane to 2% methanol-dichloromethane as eluent (R_(f) product=0.6, 10% methanol-dichloromethane). ¹ HMNR (δ, CDCl₃); 9H (t, CH₂ --CH₃) 1.31 ppm, 9H (d, P--CH₃) 1.5 ppm, 27H (broad, m, CH₂ --CH₂ and N--CH₂ and N--CH₃) centered at 2.85 ppm, 6H (q, P--O--CH₂) 4.06 ppm, 1H (broad, s, N--H) 8.2 ppm, m/z 604 (100, M⁺ +1), 12.5, M⁺ --CH₂ C(O)NHMe).

Synthesis of (D)

The compound C (0.05 g, 5.9×10⁻⁴ mol) was treated with KOH/H₂ O and the ¹ HNMR spectrum of the reaction mixture comprised resonances corresponds to ethanol and the hydrolysed product D, ¹ HNMR (δD₂ O); 9H (d, P--CH₃) 1.2 ppm, 27H (broad, m, CH₂ --CH₂, N--CH₂ and N--CH₃) centered at 2.66 ppm,

Compounds of formula (1) in which R¹, R² and R³ is each --CH₂ P(O)((OH)CH₃ and R⁴ is --CH₂ CH(OH)CH₃ or --CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ OH were prepared in similar fashion to compound (D) from compound (A) except that propylene oxide or ethylene oxide was used in place of compound (B).

EXAMPLE 4 ##STR10## Synthesis of (E)

1,4,7,10-Tetra-azacyclododecane (0.5 g) was stirred in dry Tetrahydrofuran (30 cm³) under an argon atmosphere. To this was added paraformaldehyde (0.5 g) and phenyldimethoxyphosphine (2.5 g) and the mixture was heated under reflux over molecular sieves for about 16 hrs to give a yellow cloudy solution. The solution was filtered and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using alumina with a gradient from dichloromethane to 2% methanol-dichloromethane (R_(f) product=0.63 10% methanol-dichloromethane). ¹ HNMR (δCDCl₃); 16H (broad, m, CH₂ --CH₂) centered at 2.42 ppm, 8H (broad, d, N--CH₂ --P) centered at 2.9 ppm, 12H (d, P--O--CH₃) 3.55 ppm. 12H (m, Ph) 7.4 ppm, 8H (m, Ph) 7.75 ppm, M/z 845 (100, M⁺ +1).

Synthesis of (F)

The compound (E) (0.05 g) was heated at 110° C. with hydrochloric acid (6M) for 16 hrs and the solvent was evaporated to dryness in vacuo. ¹ HNMR (δ, D₂ O); 24H (broad, m) centered at 3.5 ppm, 20H (broad, m) centered at 24 ppm, ³¹ P--(¹ H)NMR; (broad) 21.5 ppm, pD=0.45

EXAMPLE 4

Intermediate 1

Preparation of HOCH₂ P(O)(OH)(CH₂)₃ NHCOPh

To a solution of N-benzamido allylamine (7.47 g) and hypophosphorus acid (8.66 g, 50% solution) in dioxane (100 ml) was added t-butlperoxide (0.4 g) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 18 h. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and ¹ HNMR analysis of the residue revealed that the olefinic resonances had disappeared. The residue was redissolved in dioxane (50 ml) and paraformaldehyde (25 g) was added and the mixture heated to reflux for 72 h. After removal of solvent the residue was chromatographed on silica (eluant 70% CH₂ Cl₂, 25% methanol, 5% NH₄ OH) to yield the ammonium salt of the title acid as pale yellow glass: δp (D₂ O)+41.1 ppm; δc (D₂ O) 170.04 (CONH), 134.0 (C₅ H₅ CCO); 132.28, 128.98, 127.22 (CH), 59.73 (PCH₂ OH, d, J_(CP) 99 Hz); 41.01 (CONHCH₂); 25.12 (PCH₂ CH₂, d, J_(CP) =81 Hz); 22.03 (PCH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NHCO) δ_(H) (D₂ O) 7.79 (2H, dd, ortho ArH), 7.57 (4H mult, NHCO+AZrH); 3.81 (2H, d, J=6 Hz, PCH₂ OH); 3.71 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂ NCO), 1.8 (4H, mult, PCH₂ CH₂).

Intermediate 2

Preparation of HOCH₂ P(O)(OEt)(CH₂)₃ NHCOPh

To intermediate 1 (5 g) in distilled water (50 ml) was added Dowex strong acid ion exchange resin (30 g, H⁺ form) and after filtration the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue treated with triethylorthoformate (25 ml) and the mixture heated under argon at 90° C. for 96 h. After removal of HC(OEt)₃ under reduced pressure the residue was chromatographed on silica (CH₂ Cl₂ =5 to 10% methanol gradient) to yield a mixture of the desired alcohol ester and the mixed orthoformate ester. Treatment of this mixture with ethanol (50 ml, 1 ml, concentrated HCl) followed heating to reflux (36 h), evaporation and subsequent chromatographic purification as before yielded the title alcohol ester as a pale yellow oil, (4 g). m/e (d.c.i.) 286 (M⁺ +1). δp (CDCl₃) 53.7 ppm δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 7.71 (2H, dd, ortho, CH), 7.25 (3H, mult, atom CH), 6.85 (1H, brt, NHCO), 4.05 (1H, brs OH), 3.81 (2H, dq, CH₂ O), 3.70 (1H, br, d, CH₂ OH); 3.31 (2H, t, HNCH₂), 1.75 (4H, mult., PCH₂ CH₂); 1.05 (3H, t, CH₃). δ_(c) (CDCl₃ /CD₃ CO₂ D) 168.56 (CONH) 132.98 (C₅ H₅ CO); 131.11, 127.82, 126.58 (CH); 56.16 (PCH₂ OH, d, J_(CP) =90 Hz); 20.33 (CH₂); 15.37 (CH₃).

Intermediate 3

Preparation of MsOCH₂ P(O)(OEt)(CH₂)₃ NHCOPh

To a suspension of Intermediate 2 (0.57 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (1 g) and methanesulphonyl chloride (1.14 g) under argon). After 2 h stirring, ethanol (5 ml) was added and the mixture stirred for 20 min at 0° C., solvent removed under reduced pressure, and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate (30 ml), filtered and evaporated to give a residue which was chromatographed on silica gel (eluant 2 to 5% methanol in CH₂ Cl₂) to yield the title mesylate as a colourless oil (390 mg) m/e (δ.c.i, CH₂ Cl₂) 364 (M⁺ +1). δp (CDCl₃) 45.96 ppm, δ_(c) (CDCl₃) 168.6 (NHCO); 134.0 (CH₅ H₅ CCO); 131.4, 128.4, 129.3 (CH); 62.2 (POCH₂), 61.2 (PCH₂ OMs, d, J_(PC) =70 Hz); 39.62 (CONHCH₂), 37.6 (OSO₂ CH₃); 24.0 (PCH₂ CH₂, d, J_(PC) =100 Hz); 21.2 (CH₂), 15.4 (CH₃)

(a) Preparation of a Compound of Formula (1) where R¹) is --CH₂ P(O)(OEt)(CH₂)₃ NHCOPh and R², R³ and R⁴ is each --H

To a solution of 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane (0.16 g) in dry dimethylformamide (25 ml) was added potassium carbonate (0.13 g) at 60° C. and a solution of Intermediate 3 (0.167 g) in dimethylformamide (15 ml) over a period of 2 h under N₂. After 64 h, hplc analysis (CM300) revealed that reaction was not progressing and solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude residue was redissolved in dichloromethane (30 ml), filtered and evaporated before purification on a CM-300 column to yield the title monoalkylated amine (0.05 g) as a pale yellow oil. R_(t) =8.2 min (CM300 hplc). δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.30 (3H, t, J=76 Hz, OCH₂ CH₃), 1.97 (5H, mult, CH₂ CH₂ N+NH), 2.64-2.94 (20H, mult, CH₂ P), 3.55 (2H, dt, CONHCH₂) 4.06 (2H, dq, OCH₂), 7.38-7.47 (3H, mult, aryl CH), 7.93 (2H, dd, orthoCH), 8.55 (1H, t, CONH). m/e (c.i.) 440 (M⁺ +1) 394 (M⁺ --OC₂ H₅)

(b) Preparation of a Compound of Formula (1) where R-¹ is --CH₂ P(O)(OEt)(CH₂)₃ NHCOPh and R², R³ and R⁴ is each --CH₂ P(O)(OEt)CH₃

To a solution of the Compound of Example 1 (0.015 g) in dry dimethylformamide (1 ml) was added potassium carbonate (16 mg) and MsOCH₂ P(OEt)₂ CH₃ (25 mg) under N₂. After heating to 80° C. for 16 h, t.l.c. (Al₂ O₃) and hplc analysis (CM300) indicated no further reaction had occurred. After removal of solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with dichloromethane (10 ml) filtered and evaporated to yield a residue which was purified by chromatography on alumina (eluant 0 to 2% methanol in CH₂ Cl₂) to give the title tetraester as a colourless oil (11 mg), R_(t) (CM300, hplc) 4.6 min. δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.30 (12H, t, J=7.2, CH₃ CH₂), 1.49 (9H, d+d+d, PCH₃), 1.80-3.70 (30H, mult., br., CH₂ N+CH₂ P+CH₂ C) 4.05 (8H, dq, OCH₂), 7.39 (3H, mult, arylCH), 7.92 (2H, dd, ortho CH), 8.35 (1H, br, NHCO). m/e (c.i.) 800 (M⁺ +1).

(c) Preparation of a Compound of Formula (1) where R¹ is --CH₂ P(O)(OH)(CH₂)₃ NH₂ and R², R³ and R⁴ is each --CH₂ P(O)(OH)CH₃

Hydrolysis of the tetraester of Part (b) (6M hydrochloric acid, 110° C., 48 h) afforded after removal of solvent the title amino-tetraacid δ_(H) (CDCl₃) 1.35 (9H, d), 1.55-1.85 (4H, m), 2.6-3.7 (30H, m), 7.35 (2H, d), 8.35 (2H, d). 

We claim:
 1. A metal complex of a compound of the formula: ##STR11## wherein: each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴, independently of the other is hydrogen or --CH₂ --R⁵ ;R⁵ is hydrogen, ##STR12## in which each of R⁶ and R⁷ independently of the other is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R⁹ is phenyl or benzyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more members selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, phenyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, polyhydroxyalkyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, --CONR⁶ R⁷, --SONR⁶ R⁷, amino, and --NR¹¹ R¹² in which R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above, R¹¹ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R¹² is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; provided either that (i) at least two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --P(=O)(--OH)R⁹ or (ii) one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --P(=O)(--OH)R⁹ and at least one of the remaining groups R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --CO₂ H or --CH₂ --CONR⁶ R⁷ ;or a salt thereof.
 2. A metal complex according to claim 1 wherein each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is ##STR13##
 3. A metal complex according to claim 1 wherein each of R¹, R², and R³ is ##STR14## and R⁴ is hydrogen, ##STR15##
 4. A metal complex according to claim 1 wherein R⁹ is benzyl.
 5. A metal complex according to claim 1 wherein the metal is gadolinium.
 6. In the method of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, the improvement which comprises employing as the contrast agent a metal complex of a compound of the formula: ##STR16## wherein: each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴, independently of the other is hydrogen or --CH₂ --R⁵ ;R⁵ is hydrogen, ##STR17## in which each of R⁶ and R⁷ independently of the other is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R⁹ is phenyl or benzyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more members selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, phenyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkylthio of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, polyhydroxyalkyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, --CONR⁶ R⁷, --SONR⁶ R⁷, amino, and --NR¹¹ R¹² in which R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above, R¹¹ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R¹² is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; provided either that (i) at least two of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --P(=O)(--OH)R⁹ or (ii) one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --P(=O)(--OH)R⁹ and at least one of the remaining groups R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is a group --CH₂ --CO₂ H or --CH₂ --CONR⁶ R⁷ ;or a salt thereof.
 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the metal of said complex is gadolinium.
 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is ##STR18##
 9. The method according to claim 6 wherein R⁹ is benzyl.
 10. The method according to claim 6 wherein each of R¹, R², and R³ is ##STR19## and R⁴ is hydrogen, ##STR20## 